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A company's worth—or its total market value—is called its market capitalization, or market cap. A company's market cap at any given time can be determined by multiplying its stock price by the number of shares outstanding.
Therefore, any significant change in a stock price results in an equal percentage change in the company's market cap. This is one of the reasons why investors are so concerned with stock prices. A $0.10 drop in a stock price results in a $100,000 loss on paper for a shareholder with one million shares.
Key Takeaways
- A company's market capitalization—also called its market cap—is a straightforward measure of the company's market value.
- Market cap is calculated by taking the current share price and multiplying it by the number of shares outstanding.
- For example, a company with 50 million shares and a stock price of $100 per share would have a market cap of $5 billion.
- Stocks are often classified according to the company's respective market value, Big caps are companies that have a large market value, while small caps have a small market value.
How Is Share Price Determined?
Broadly speaking, prices in the stock market are driven by supply and demand. This makes the stock market similar to other economic markets. When a stock share is sold, a buyer and seller exchange money for share ownership. The price for which the stock is purchased becomes the new market price. When another share is sold, this price becomes the newest market price.
There are various techniques and formulas that can be used to predict the future price of a company's shares. Called dividend discount models (DDMs), they are based on the concept that a stock's current price equals the sum total of all its future dividend payments (when discounted back to their present value). By determining a company's share by the sum total of its expected future dividends, dividend discount models use the theory of the time value of money (TVM).
How Is Market Cap Determined?
A company's market capitalization is calculated by multiplying its share price by the number of shares outstanding:
Market Capitalization = share price x number of shares outstanding
A company's market cap is first established in an initial public offering (IPO). In preparing for this process, a company pays a third party (typically an investment bank) to determine the value of a company, and recommend how many shares to offer to the public and at what price. For example, a company whose value is estimated at $100 million may want to issue 10 million shares at $10 per share.
Once a company goes public and its shares start trading on a stock exchange, its share price is determined by supply and demand in the market. If there is a high demand for its shares, the price will increase. If the company's future growth potential looks dubious, sellers of the stock can drive down its price.
For example, Microsoft (MSFT) closed at $418.40 on July 25, 2024, and has 7.43 billion shares outstanding. The stock's market capitalization is $3.1 trillion, a metric derived by multiplying the price by the number of shares. Meta Platforms (META), formerly Facebook, trades on the Nasdaq at $453.41 at the close on July 25, 2024, with 2.21 billion shares outstanding, for a market capitalization of $1.21 trillion.
Misconceptions About Market Capitalization
Although it is often used to describe a company (e.g., large cap vs. small cap), market cap does not measure the equity value of a company. Only a thorough analysis of a company's fundamentals can do that.
Market capitalization is an inadequate way to value a company because its market price does not necessarily reflect its worth. Market sentiment often overvalues or undervalues shares.
Market price shows only how much market participants are willing to pay for their shares, not how much it is worth.
Even though market cap measures the cost of buying all of a company's shares, it does not determine the amount the company would cost to acquire in a merger transaction.
While market cap is often used synonymously with a company's market value, market cap really refers only to the market value of a company's equity, not its market value overall, which would include goodwill and the value of its debt or assets.
What Companies Have the Biggest Market Cap?
As of July 25, 2024, the companies with the largest market caps were Apple at $3.37 trillion, Microsoft at $3.13 trillion, NVIDIA at $2.80 trillion, Alphabet at $2.10 trillion, and Amazon at $1.89 trillion.
What Makes Market Cap Increase?
There are two factors that determine market capitalization—the number of shares outstanding and the current price of the stock. When the price of the stock goes up, the market cap goes up. The situation is reversed when the stock price declines; that decreases the market cap. Market cap can also fluctuate when shares are repurchased or if new shares are made available.
Can Market Cap Be Used as a Risk Indicator?
It’s a generalization that stocks with a bigger market cap carry less risk, while small caps are considered to be riskier. But that's not always true. A large-cap stock that carries a large amount of debt on its balance sheet or that faces an unexpectedly bad news story, for example, can suddenly carry more risk than previously thought. Alternatively, a small-cap stock with steadily increasing earnings and little to no debt might be a less risky investment than some large caps.
Why Do Wall Street Money Managers Look at Market Cap?
For those investment professionals who run exchange-traded funds or certain types of hedge funds, it’s important to hold stocks with large market caps for the sake of liquidity. Since such funds hold large positions, it’s important for them to be able to trade sizable numbers of shares easily without affecting price volatility. Large caps
generally have those types of characteristics.
The Bottom Line
Market capitalization is the number of shares outstanding multiplied by the price of the stock. Companies are categorized according to this metric as a big cap, mid-cap, or small cap, which is an easy way of identifying their relative overall size.